Secret Societies in the Secondary Schools of the United States

The problem of secret societies in secondary schools has long been a vexing question to educators in the field of secondary education. Because of this situation high schools have been torn apart, school principals and super- intendents have lost their positions, fraternity boys have been expelled from school, educators and parents have taken their differences to court, and the law-making bodies of nearly half the states in the union have taken it under consideration for legislation. A vast amount of periodical literature has been written on the subject of secret societies and not a few chapters in books dealing with the social life of the school. All, however, have either been rabidly prejudiced one way or the other, or have given an inadequate and sketchy outline. Would it not be a valuable asset to a high school principal to have a definite, complete, unbiased treatment of this controversial subject

A Model for Sustaining Participation with Hard-to-Serve Clients: The Learning Continuum

This article reports on a model developed by the Florida Crown Workforce Board in cooperation with the University of Florida\u27 s Welfare to Work Initiative. The model proposes a sustained educational experience that includes a variety of activities to enable welfare transition clients to become employed and self-sufficient. The concept of a Learning Continuum is described, and implications for Extension are discussed

Semiautomated, Reproducible Batch Processing of Soy

A computer-controlled apparatus processes batches of soybeans into one or more of a variety of food products, under conditions that can be chosen by the user and reproduced from batch to batch. Examples of products include soy milk, tofu, okara (an insoluble protein and fiber byproduct of soy milk), and whey. Most processing steps take place without intervention by the user. This apparatus was developed for use in research on processing of soy. It is also a prototype of other soy-processing apparatuses for research, industrial, and home use. Prior soy-processing equipment includes household devices that automatically produce soy milk but do not automatically produce tofu. The designs of prior soy-processing equipment require users to manually transfer intermediate solid soy products and to press them manually and, hence, under conditions that are not consistent from batch to batch. Prior designs do not afford choices of processing conditions: Users cannot use previously developed soy-processing equipment to investigate the effects of variations of techniques used to produce soy milk (e.g., cold grinding, hot grinding, and pre-cook blanching) and of such process parameters as cooking times and temperatures, grinding times, soaking times and temperatures, rinsing conditions, and sizes of particles generated by grinding. In contrast, the present apparatus is amenable to such investigations. The apparatus (see figure) includes a processing tank and a jacketed holding or coagulation tank. The processing tank can be capped by either of two different heads and can contain either of two different insertable mesh baskets. The first head includes a grinding blade and heating elements. The second head includes an automated press piston. One mesh basket, designated the okara basket, has oblong holes with a size equivalent to about 40 mesh [40 openings per inch (.16 openings per centimeter)]. The second mesh basket, designated the tofu basket, has holes of 70 mesh [70 openings per inch (.28 openings per centimeter)] and is used in conjunction with the press-piston head. Supporting equipment includes a soy-milk heat exchanger for maintaining selected coagulation temperatures, a filter system for separating okara from other particulate matter and from soy milk, two pumps, and various thermocouples, flowmeters, level indicators, pressure sensors, valves, tubes, and sample port

Quantification of blue carbon in salt marshes of the Pacific coast of Canada

Tidal salt marshes are known to accumulate "blue carbon " at high rates relative to their surface area, which render these systems among the Earth's most efficient carbon (C) sinks. However, the potential for tidal salt marshes to mitigate global warming remains poorly constrained because of the lack of representative sampling of tidal marshes from around the globe, inadequate areal extent estimations, and inappropriate dating methods for accurately estimating C accumulation rates. Here we provide the first estimates of organic C storage and accumulation rates in salt marshes along the Pacific coast of Canada, within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, a region currently underrepresented in global compilations. Within the context of other sites from the Pacific coast of North America, these young Clayoquot Sound marshes have relatively low C stocks but are accumulating C at rates that are higher than the global average with pronounced differences between high and low marsh habitats. The average C stock calculated during the past 30 years is 54 +/- 5 Mg C ha(-1) (mean +/- standard error), which accounts for 81 % of the C accumulated to the base of the marsh peat layer (67 +/- 9 Mg C ha(-1)). The total C stock is just under one-third of previous global estimates of salt marsh C stocks, likely due to the shallow depth and young age of the marsh. In contrast, the average C accumulation rate (CAR) (184 +/- 50 g C m(-2) yr(-1) to the base of the peat layer) is higher than both CARs from salt marshes along the Pacific coast (112 +/- 12 g C m(-2) yr(-1)) and global estimates (91 +/- 7 g C m(-2) yr(-1)). This difference was even more pronounced when we considered individual marsh zones: CARs were significantly greater in high marsh (303 +/- 45 g C m(-2) yr(-1)) compared to the low marsh sediments (63 +/- 6 g C m(-2) yr(-1)), an observation unique to Clayoquot Sound among NE Pacific coast marsh studies. We attribute low CARs in the low marsh zones to shallow-rooting vegetation, reduced terrestrial sediment inputs, negative relative sea level rise in the region, and enhanced erosional processes. Per hectare, CARs in Clayoquot Sound marsh soils are approximately 2-7 times greater than C uptake rates based on net ecosystem productivity in Canadian boreal forests, which highlights their potential importance as C reservoirs and the need to consider their C accumulation capacity as a climate mitigation co-benefit when conserving for other salt marsh ecosystem services

Quantification of Blue Carbon in Salt Marshes of the Pacific Coast of Canada

Tidal salt marshes are known to accumulate “blue carbon” at high rates relative to their surface area, which render these systems among the Earth’s most efficient carbon (C) sinks. However, the potential for tidal salt marshes to mitigate global warming remains poorly constrained because of the lack of representative sampling of tidal marshes from around the globe, inadequate areal extent estimations, and inappropriate dating methods for accurately estimating C accumulation rates. Here we provide the first estimates of organic C storage and accumulation rates in salt marshes along the Pacific coast of Canada, within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, a region currently underrepresented in global compilations. Within the context of other sites from the Pacific coast of North America, these young Clayoquot Sound marshes have relatively low C stocks but are accumulating C at rates that are higher than the global average with pronounced differences between high and low marsh habitats. The average C stock calculated during the past 30 years is 54 5MgC ha-1 (mean standard error), which accounts for 81% of the C accumulated to the base of the marsh peat layer (67 9MgC ha-1/. The total C stock is just under one-third of previous global estimates of salt marsh C stocks, likely due to the shallow depth and young age of the marsh. In contrast, the average C accumulation rate (CAR) (184 50 gCm-2 yr-1 to the base of the peat layer) is higher than both CARs from salt marshes along the Pacific coast (112 12 gCm-2 yr-1/ and global estimates (91 7 gCm-2 yr-1/. This difference was even more pronounced when we considered individual marsh zones: CARs were significantly greater in high marsh (303 45 gCm-2 yr-1/ compared to the low marsh sediments (63 6 gCm-2 yr-1/, an observation unique to Clayoquot Sound among NE Pacific coast marsh studies. We attribute low CARs in the low marsh zones to shallow rooting vegetation, reduced terrestrial sediment inputs, negative relative sea level rise in the region, and enhanced erosional processes. Per hectare, CARs in Clayoquot Sound marsh soils are approximately 2–7 times greater than C uptake rates based on net ecosystem productivity in Canadian boreal forests, which highlights their potential importance as C reservoirs and the need to consider their C accumulation capacity as a climate mitigation co-benefit when conserving for other salt marsh ecosystem services

Singlet-triplet energy gaps modulation of Diindeno [1,2-b: 1’2’-g] anthracene molecular family

Nowadays there is a large interest in organic materials based on diradical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to their unique properties, such as narrow frontier-orbital energy gaps, strong absorption in the visible spectrum, etc. However, the inherent diradical nature make these compounds with limited chemical stability giving rise to rapid decomposition under ambient conditions thus reducing their practical use. In recent years PAH diradicals that exhibit remarkable stability have been prepared thanks to the description of efficient synthetic routes to access them. One of these remarkable cases is the diindeno [1,2-b: 1’2’-g] anthracene, named as DIAn. DIAn is constituted by antiaromatic segments together with a central pro-aromatic structure. One of the important observable properties of diradicals is the singlet-triplet energy gap, ∆EST, which is intimately connected with the diradical character. The possibility of access to the molecular structure of diradicals is very valuable since properties such as the bond-order or the bond-length alternation of the mentioned moieties reveal the diradical content. Electronic and vibrational spectroscopies are alternative sources of structural information that often compensate the absence of solid-state structures. In this communication, we expand the studies of DIAn by introducing another aspect of the modulation of the ∆EST which concerns with: i) the extension of the terminal benzenes with another fused benzene (i.e., forming terminal napthalenes) and ii) with the isomerization resulting from the fusion topology of these terminal benzenes. We will present a UV-Vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopic study of the new compounds. The variation of the spectra within molecular family will be discussed in connection with the variation of ∆EST and with the diradical character of the new molecules.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Nodal dynamics, not degree distributions, determine the structural controllability of complex networks

Structural controllability has been proposed as an analytical framework for making predictions regarding the control of complex networks across myriad disciplines in the physical and life sciences (Liu et al., Nature:473(7346):167-173, 2011). Although the integration of control theory and network analysis is important, we argue that the application of the structural controllability framework to most if not all real-world networks leads to the conclusion that a single control input, applied to the power dominating set (PDS), is all that is needed for structural controllability. This result is consistent with the well-known fact that controllability and its dual observability are generic properties of systems. We argue that more important than issues of structural controllability are the questions of whether a system is almost uncontrollable, whether it is almost unobservable, and whether it possesses almost pole-zero cancellations.Comment: 1 Figures, 6 page

Architecture of the Bacteriophage T4 Replication Complex Revealed with Nanoscale Biopointers

Our previous electron microscopy of DNA replicated by the bacteriophage T4 proteins showed a single complex at the fork, thought to contain the leading and lagging strand proteins, as well as the protein-covered single-stranded DNA on the lagging strand folded into a compact structure. "Trombone" loops formed from nascent lagging strand fragments were present on a majority of the replicating molecules (Chastain, P., Makhov, A. M., Nossal, N. G., and Griffith, J. D. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21276-21285). Here we probe the composition of this replication complex using nanoscale DNA biopointers to show the location of biotin-tagged replication proteins. We find that a large fraction of the molecules with a trombone loop had two pointers to polymerase, providing strong evidence that the leading and lagging strand polymerases are together in the replication complex. 6% of the molecules had two loops, and 31% of these had three pointers to biotin-tagged polymerase, suggesting that the two loops result from two fragments that are being extended simultaneously. Under fixation conditions that extend the lagging strand, occasional molecules show two nascent lagging strand fragments, each being elongated by a biotin-tagged polymerase. T4 41 helicase is present in the complex on a large fraction of actively replicating molecules but on a smaller fraction of molecules with a stalled polymerase. Unexpectedly, we found that 59 helicase-loading protein remains on the fork after loading the helicase and is present on molecules with extensive replication